The importance of glycemic control: how low should we go with HbA1c? Start early, go safe, go low

References 

1. Abraira C. Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial: background, design, risk factor control, glycemic separation, and hypoglycemia. In: Presented at: American Diabetes Association–68th Annual Scientific Sessions; June 6-11,. 2008;San Francisco, CA
2. Cukierman-Yaffe T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD, Lazar RM, Lovato L, Miller ME, et al. Relationship between baseline glycemic control and cognitive function in individuals with Type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors: the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes-memory in diabetes (ACCORD-MIND) trial. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(2):221–226
   • CrossRef
3. Currie CJ, Peters JR, Tynan A, Evans M, Heine RJ, Bracco OL, et al. Survival as a function of HbA1c in people with Type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2010;375:481–489
   • Abstract
   • Full Text
   • Full-Text PDF (212 KB)
   • CrossRef
4. Del Prato S. Megatrials in Type 2 diabetes. From excitement to frustration?. Diabetologia. 2009;52(7):1219–1226
   • CrossRef
5. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven PD, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with Type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;360(2):129–139
6. Ewing DJ, Boland O, Neilson JMM, Cho CG, Clarke BF. Autonomic neuropathy, QT interval lengthening, and unexpected deaths in male diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 1991;34(3):182–185
   • CrossRef
7. Gæde P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in Type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;358(6):580–591
8. Gæde P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;348(5):383–393
9. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HAW. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in Type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;359(15):1577–1589
10. Khaw KT, Wareham N, Bingham S, Luben R, Welch A, Day N. Association of hemoglobin A1c with cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults: the European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004;141(6):413–420
11. Krzentowski G, Zhang L, Albert A, Lefèbvre P. Another look at the implications of the DCCT study. Annals of Endocrinology (Paris). 2004;65(5):429–435
12. Lebovitz HE. Glycaemic control and vascular complications in Type 2 diabetes: new observations and clinical significance. Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 2008;106(11):724–726
13. Mannucci E, Monami M, Lamanna C, Gori F, Marchionni N. Prevention of cardiovascular disease through glycemic control in Type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease. 2009;19(9):604–612
14. Ray KK, Seshasai SRK, Wijesuriya S, Sivakumaran R, Nethercott S, Preiss D, et al. Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The Lancet. 2009;373(9677):1765–1772
15. Standl E, Muller M, Schnell O. The impact of glucose-lowering therapy on cardiovascular outcomes. Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009;23(3):401–411
16. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HAW, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of Type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. British Medical Journal. 2000;321(7258):405–412
17. Tattersall RB, Gill GV. Unexplained deaths of Type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine. 1991;8(1):49–58
18. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in Type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;358(24):2545–2559
19. The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;358(24):2560–2572
20. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 1 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;353(25):2643–2653
21. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;329(14):977–986
22. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The absence of a glycemic threshold for the development of long-term complications: the perspective of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes. 1996;45(10):1289–1298
    • MEDLINE
23. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with Type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). The Lancet. 1998;352(9131):854–865
24. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with Type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). The Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–853